Sound Speeds in Water, Liquid and Materials
Sound Speed (or sound velocity) refers to the speed of sound waves passing through an elastic medium. The actual speed depends upon the medium (for example, sound waves move faster through water than through air - because water has a higher density). The characteristics of the medium are also important factors, especially temperature.
An approximate sound speed in air (in meters per second) can be calculated using the following formula:
where 
(theta) is the temperature in degrees Celsius (°C).
The tables below have been compiled as an easy point of reference when trying to ascertain the sound speed in water, liquids and materials.
Below is a list of materials that can be measured using an ultrasonic flow meter or clamp on flow meters:
Table One: Sound Speeds in Solids
Sound Speed* Shear Wave (25°C) |
||
| Material | m/s | ft/s |
| Steel, 1% Carbon, hardened | 3,150 | 10,335 |
| Carbon Steel | 3,230 | 10,598 |
| Mild Steel | 3,235 | 10,614 |
| Steel, 1% Carbon | 3,220 | 10,565 |
| 302 Stainless Steel | 3,120 | 10,236 |
| 303 Stainless Steel | 3,120 | 10,236 |
| 304 Stainless Steel | 3,141 | 10,306 |
| 304L Stainless Steel | 3,070 | 10,073 |
| 316 Stainless Steel | 3,272 | 10,735 |
| 347 Stainless Steel | 3,095 | 10,512 |
| Aluminium | 3,100 | 10,171 |
| Aluminium (rolled) | 3,040 | 9,974 |
| Copper | 2,260 | 7,415 |
| Copper (annealed) | 2,325 | 7,628 |
| Copper (rolled) | 2,270 | 7,448 |
| CuNi (70%Cu 30%Ni) | 2,540 | 8,334 |
| CuNi (90%Cu 10%Ni) | 2,060 | 6,759 |
| Brass (Naval) | 2,120 | 6,923 |
| Gold (hard-drawn) | 1,200 | 3,937 |
| Inconel | 3,020 | 9,909 |
| Iron (electrolytic) | 3,240 | 10,630 |
| Iron (Armco) | 3,240 | 10,630 |
| Ductile Iron | 3,000 | 9,843 |
| Cast Iron | 2,500 | 8,203 |
| Monel | 2,720 | 8,924 |
| Nickel | 2,960 | 9,712 |
| Tin (rolled) | 1,670 | 5,479 |
| Titanium | 3,125 | 10,253 |
| Tungsten (annealed) | 2,890 | 9,482 |
| Tungsten (drawn) | 2,640 | 8,661 |
| Tungsten (carbide) | 3,980 | 13,058 |
| Zinc (rolled) | 2,440 | 8,005 |
| Glass (pyrex) | 3,280 | 10,761 |
| Glass (heavy silicante first) | 2,380 | 7,808 |
| Glass (light brate crown) | 2,840 | 9,318 |
| Nylon | 1,150 | 3,772 |
| Nylon, 6-6 | 1,070 | 3,510 |
| Polyethylene (LD) | 540 | 1,772 |
| PVC, CPVC | 1,060 | 3,477 |
| Acrylic | 1,430 | 4,690 |
* Please note these values are to be considered nominal. Solids may be inhomogenous and anisotropic. Actual values depend on exact composition, temperature, and to a lesser extent, on pressure and stress.
Below is a list of liquids that can be measured using an ultrasonic flowmeter or clamp on flowmeters:
Table Two: Sound Speeds in Fluids
| All data given at 25°C (77°F) unless otherwise stated | |||||||
| Sound Speed | Change v/Ã??? °C | Kinematic Viscosity x10-6 | |||||
| Substance | Chemical Formula | Specific Gravity | m/s | ft/s | m/s/°C | m2/s | ft2/s |
| Acetic anhydride (22) | (CH3CO)2O | 1.082 (20°C) | 1,180 | 3,871.4 | 2.5 | 0.769 | 8.274 |
| Acetic acid, anhydride (22) | (CH3CO)2O | 1.082 (20°C) | 1,180 | 3,871.4 | 2.5 | 0.769 | 8.274 |
| Acetic acid, nitrile | C2H3N | 0.783 | 1,290 | 4,232.3 | 4.1 | 0.441 | 4.745 |
| Acetic acid, ethyl ester (33) | C4H802 | 0.901 | 1,085 | 3,559.7 | 4.4 | 0.467 | 5.025 |
| Acetic acid, methyl ester | C3H6O2 | 0.934 | 1,211 | 3,973.1 | 0.407 | 4.379 | |
| Acetone | C3H6O | 0.791 | 1,174 | 3,851.7 | 4.5 | 0.399 | 4.293 |
| Acetonitrile | C2H3N | 0.783 | 1,290 | 4,232.3 | 4.1 | 0.441 | 4.745 |
| Acetonylacetone | C6H10O2 | 0.729 | 1,399 | 4,539.9 | 3.6 | ||
| Acetylen dichloride | C2H2Cl2 | 1.26 | 1,015 | 3,330.1 | 3.8 | 0.400 | 4.304 |
| Acetylene tetrabromide (47) | C2H2Br4 | 2.966 | 1,027 | 3,369.4 | |||
| Acetylene tetrachloride (47) | C2H2Cl4) | 1.595 | 1,147 | 3,763.1 | 1.156 (15°c) | 12.438 (15°C) | |
| Alcohol | C2H6O | 0.789 | 1,207 | 3,960 | 4.0 | 1.396 | 15.02 |
| Alkazene-13 | C15H24 | 0.86 | 1,317 | 4,320.9 | 3.9 | ||
| Alkazene-25 | C10H12Cl2 | 1.20 | 1,307 | 4,288.1 | 3.4 | ||
| 2-Amino-ethanol | C2H7NO | 1.018 | 1,724 | 5,656.2 | 3.4 | ||
| 2-Aminotolidine(46) | C7H9N | 0.999 (20°C) | 1,618 | 5,308.4 | 4.394 (20°C) | 47.279 (68°F) | |
| 4-Aminotolidine(46) | C7H9N | 0.966 (45°C) | 1,480 | 4,855.6 | 1.863 (50°C) | 20.045 (122°F) | |
| Ammonia (35) | NH3 | 0.771 | 1,729 (-33°C) | 5,672.6 (-27°C) | 6.68 | 0.292 (-33°C) | 3.141 (-27°F) |
| Amorphus Polyolefin | 0.98 | 962.6 (190°C) | 3158.2 (374°F) | 26,600 | 286,000 | ||
| t-Amyl Polyolefin | C5H12O | 0.81 | 1,204 | 3,950.1 | 4.374 | 47.064 |
|
| Aminobenzene (41) | C6H5NO2 | 1.022 | 1,639 | 5,377.3 | 4.0 | 3.63 | 39.058 |
| Aniline (41) | C6H5NO2 | 1.022 | 1,639 | 5,377.3 | 4.0 | 3.63 | 39.058 |
| Argon (45) | Ar | 1.400 (-188°C) | 853 (-188°C) | 2798.6 (-306°F) | |||
| Azine | C6H5N | 0.982 | 1,415 | 4,642.4 | 4.1 | 0.992 (20°C) | 10.673 (68°F) |
| Benzene (29, 40, 41) | C6H6 | 0.879 | 1,306 | 4,284.8 | 4.65 | 0.711 | 7.65 |
| Benzol (29, 40, 41) | C6H6 | 0.879 | 1,306 | 4284.8 | 4.65 | 0.711 | 7.65 |
| Bromine (21) | Br2 | 2.928 | 889 | 2,916.7 | 3.0 | 0.323 | 3.475 |
| Bromo-benzene (46) | C6H5Br | 1.522 | 1,170 (20°C) | 3,838.6 (68°F) | 0.693 | 7.456 | |
| 1-Bromo-butane (46) | C4HgBr | 1.276 (20°C) | 1,019 | 3,343.2 (68°F) | 0.275 | 5.272 (59°C) | |
| Bromo-ethane (46) | C2H5Br | 1.460 (20°C) | 900 (20°C) | 2,952.8 (68°F) | 0.275 | 2.959 | |
| Bromoform (46,47) | CHBr3 | 2.89 (20°C) | 918 | 3,011.8 | 3.1 | 0.654 | 7.037 |
| n-Butane(2) | C4H10 | 0.601 (0°C) | 1,085 (-5°C) | 3,559.7 (23°C) | 5.8 | ||
| 2-Butanol | C4H10O | 0.81 | 1,240 | 4,068.2 | 3.3 | 3.239 | 34.851 |
| sec-Butylalcohol | C4H10O | 0.81 | 1,240 | 4,068.2 | 3.3 | 3.239 | 34.851 |
| n-Butyl bromide (46) | C4H9Br | 1.276 (20°C) | 1,019 (20°C) | 3,343.2 (68°F) | 0.49 (15°C) | 5.272 (59°C) | |
| n-Butyl chloride (22,46) | C4H9Cl | 0.887 | 1,140 | 3,740.2 | 4.57 | 0.529 (15°C) | 5.692 (59°F) |
| tert Butyl chloride | C4H9Cl | 0.84 | 984 | 3,228.3 | 4.2 | 0.646 | 6.95 |
| Butyl oleate | C22H42O2 | 1,404 | 4,606.3 | 3.0 | |||
| 2,3 Butylene glycol | C4H10O2 | 1.019 | 1,484 | 4,868.8 | 1.51 | ||
| Cadmium (7) | Cd | 2,237.7 (400°C) | 7,341.5 (752°F) | 1.355cp (440°C) | 14.579 (824°F) | ||
| Carbinol (40,41) | CH4O | 0.791 (20°C) | 1,076 | 3,530.2 | 292 | 0.695 | 7.478 |
| Carbitol | C6H14O3 | 0.988 | 1,458 | 4,783.5 | |||
| Carbon Dioxide (26) | CO2 | 1.101 (-37°C) | 839 (-37°C) | 2,752.6 (-35°F) | 7.71 | 0.137 (-37°C) | 1.474 (-35°F) |
| Carbon disulphide | CS2 | 1.261 (22°C) | 1,149 | 3,769.7 | 0.278 | 2.991 | |
| Carbon tetrachloride (33, 35, 47) | CCl4 | 1.595 (20°C) | 926 | 3038.1 | 2.48 | 0.607 | 6.531 |
| Carbon tetrafluoride (14) (Freon 14) | CF4 | 1.75 (-150°C) | 875.2 (-150°C) | 2,871.5 (-238°F) | 6.61 | ||
| Cetane (23) | C16H34 | 0.773 (20°C) | 1,338 | 4,389.8 | 3.71 | 4.32 | 46.483 |
| Chloro-benezene | C6H5Cl | 1.106 | 1,273 | 4,176.5 | 3.6 | 0.722 | 7.768 |
| 1-Chloro-butane (22,46) | C4H9Cl | 0.887 | 1,140 | 3740.2 | 4.57 | 0.529 (15°C) | 5.692 (59°F) |
| Chloro-diFluoromethane (3) (Freon 22) | CHClF2 | 1.491 (-69°C) | 893.9 (-50°C) | 2,932.7 (-58°F) | 4.79 | ||
| Chloroform (47) | CHCl3 | 1.489 | 979 | 3,211.9 | 3.4 | 0.55 | 5.918 |
| 1-Chloro-propane (47) | C4H7Cl | 0.892 | 1,058 | 3,471.1 | 0.378 | 4.067 | |
| Chlorotrifluoromethane | CClF3 | 724 (-82°C) | 2,375.3 (-116°F) | 5.26 | |||
| Cinnamaldehyde | C9H8O | 1.112 | 1,554 | 5,098.4 | 3.2 | ||
| Cinnamic aldehyde | C9H8O | 1.112 | 1,554 | 5,098.4 | 3.2 | ||
| Colamine | C2H7NO | 1.018 | 1,724 | 5,656.2 | 3.4 | ||
| o-Cresol (46) | C7H8O | 1.047 | 1,541 | 5,055.8 | 4.29 | 46.16 | |
| m-Cresol (46) | C7H8O | 1.034 (20°C) | 1,500 (20°C) | 4,921.3 (68°F) | 5.979 (40°C) | 64.334 (104°F) | |
| Cyanomethane | C2H3N | 0.783 | 1,290 | 4,232.3 | 4.1 | 0.441 | 4.745 |
| Cyclohexane (15) | C6H12 | 0.779 | 1,248 | 4,094.5 | 5.41 | 1.31 | 14.095 |
| Cyclohexane | C6H12O | 0.962 | 1,454 | 4,770.3 | 3.6 | 0.071 (17°C) | 0.764 (63°F) |
| Cyclohexanone | C6H10O | 0.948 | 1,423 | 4,668.6 | 4.0 | ||
| Decane (46) | C10H22 | 0.730 | 1,252 | 4,107.6 | 1.26 (20°C) | 13.55 (68°F) | |
| 1-Decane (27) | C10H20 | 0.746 | 1,235 | 4,051.8 | 4.0 | ||
| n-Decylene (27) | C10H20 | 0.746 | 1,235 | 4,051.8 | 4.0 | ||
| Diacetyl | C4H6O2 | 0.99 | 1,236 | 4,055.1 | 4.6 | ||
| Diamylamine | C10H23N | 1,235 | 4,120.7 | 3.9 | |||
| 1,2 Dibrimo-ethane (47) | C2H4Br2 | 2.18 | 995 | 3,264.4 | 0.79 (20°C) | 8.5 (68°F) | |
| trans-1,2-Dibromoethane (47) | C2H2Br2 | 2.231 | 935 | 3,067.6 | |||
| Dibutyl phthalate | C8H22O4 | 1,408 | 4,619.4 | ||||
| Dichloro-t-butyl alcohol | C4H8Cl2O | 1,304 | 4,278.2 | 3.8 | |||
| 2,3 Dichlorodioxane | C2H6Cl2O2 | 1,391 | 4,563.6 | 3.7 | |||
| Dichlorodifluoromethane (3) (Freon 12) | CCl2F2 | 1.516 (40°C) | 774.1 | 2,539.7 | 4.24 | ||
| 1,2 Dichloro ethane (47) | C2H4Cl2 | 1.253 | 1,193 | 3,914 | 0.61 | 6.563 | |
| cis1,2-Dichloro-ethene (3, 47) | C2H2Cl2 | 1.284 | 1,061 | 3,481 | |||
| trans1,2-Dichloro-ethene (3,47) | C2H2Cl2 | 1.257 | 1,010 | 3,313.6 | |||
| Dichloro-fluoromethane (3) (Freon 21) | CHCl2F | 1.426 (0°C) | 891 (0°C) | 2,923.2 (32°F) | 3.97 | ||
| 1-2-Dichlorohexafluoro-cyclobutane (47)) | C4Cl2F6 | 1.654 | 669 | 2,194.9 | |||
| 1-3-Dichloro-isobutane | C4H8Cl2 | 1.14 | 1,220 | 4002.6 | 3.4 | ||
| Dichloro methane (3) | CH2Cl2 | 1.327 | 1,070 | 3,510.5 | 3.94 | 0.31 | 3.335 |
| 1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2 tetra fluoroethane | CClF2-CClF2 | 1.455 | 665.3 (-10°C) | 2,182.7 (14°F) | 3.73 | ||
| Diethyl ether | C4H10O | 0.713 | 985 | 3,231.6 | 4.87 | 0.311 | 3.346 |
| Diethylene glycol | C4H10O3 | 1.116 | 1,586 | 5,203.4 | 2.4 | ||
| Diethylene glycol, monoethyl ether | C6H14O3 | 0.988 | 1,458 | 4,783.5 | |||
| Diethylenimide oxide | C4H9NO | 1.00 | 1,442 | 4,731 | 3.8 | ||
| 1,2-bis(DiFluoramino) butane (43) | C4H8(NF2)2 | 1.216 | 1,000 | 3,280.8 | |||
| 1,2-bis(DiFluoramino)-2-methylpropane (43) | C4H9(NF2)2 | 1.213 | 900 | 2,952.8 | |||
| 1,2-bis(DiFluroamino)-propane (43) | C3H6(NF2)2 | 1.265 | 960 | 3,149.6 | |||
| 2,2-bis(DiFluoramino)- propane (43) | C3H6(NF2)2 | 1.254 | 890 | 2920 | |||
| 2,2-Dihydroxydiethy ether | C4H10O3 | 1.116 | 1,586 | 2,203.4 | 2.4 | ||
| Dihydroxethane | C2H6O2 | 1.113 | 1,658 | 5,439.6 | 2.1 | ||
| 1,3-Dimethyl-benzene (46) | C8H10 | 0.868 (15°C) | 1,343 (20°C) | 4,406.2 (68°F) | 0.749 (15°C) | 8.059 (59°F) | |
| 1,2-Dimethyl-benzene (29, 46) | C8H10 | 0.897 (20°C) | 1,331.5 | 4,368.4 | 4.1 | 0.903 (20°C) | 9.716 (68°F) |
| 1,4-Dimethyl-benzene (46) | C8H10 | 1,334 (20°C) | 4,376.6 (68°F) | 0.662 | 7,123 | ||
| 2,2-Dimethyl-butane (29, 33) | C6H14 | 0.649 (20°C) | 1,079 | 3,540 | |||
| Dimethyl ketone | C3H6O | 0.791 | 1,174 | 3,851.7 | 4.5 | 0.399 | 4.293 |
| Dimethyl pentane (47) | C7H16 | 0.674 | 1,063 | 3,487.5 | |||
| Dimethyl phthalate | C8H10O4 | 1.2 | 1,463 | 4,799.9 | |||
| Diido-methane | CH2I2 | 3.235 | 980 | 3,215.2 | |||
| Dioxane | C4H8O2 | 1.033 | 1,376 | 4,514.4 | |||
| Dodecane (23) | C12H26 | 0.749 | 1,279 | 4,196.2 | 3.85 | 1.80 | 19.368 |
| 1,2-Ethanediol | C2H6O2 | 1.113 | 1,658 | 5,439.6 | 2.1 | ||
| Ethanenitrile | C2H3N | 0.783 | 1,290 | 4,232.3 | 0.441 | 4.745 | |
| Ethanoic anhydride (22) | (CH3CO2)2O | 1.082 | 1,180 | 3,871.4 | 0.769 | 8.274 | |
| Ethanol | C2H6O | 0.789 | 1,207 | 3,960 | 4.0 | 1.39 | 14.956 |
| Ethanol amide | C2H7NO | 1.018 | 1,724 | 5,656.2 | 3.4 | ||
| Ethoxyethane | C4H10O | 0.713 | 985 | 3,231.6 | 4.87 | 0.311 | 3.346 |
| Ethyl acetate (33) | C4H8O2 | 0.901 | 1,085 | 3,559.7 | 4.4 | 0.489 | 5.263 |
| Ethyl alcohol | C2H6O | 0.789 | 1,207 | 3,960 | 4.0 | 1.396 | 15.020 |
| Ethyl benzene | C8H10 | 0.867 (20°C) | 1,338 (20°C) | 4,.89.8 (68°F) | 0.797 (17°C) | 8.575 (63°F) | |
| Ethyl Bromide (46) | C2H5Br | 1.461 (20°C) | 900 (20°C) | 2,952.8 (68°F) | 0.275 (20°C) | 2.959 (68°F) | |
| Ethyliodide (46) | C2H5I | 1.950 (20°C) | 876 (20°C) | 2874 (68°F) | 0.29 | 3.12 | |
| Ether | C4H10O | 0.713 | 985 | 3231.6 | 4.87 | 0.311 | 3.346 |
| Ethyl ether | C4H10O | 0.713 | 985 | 3231.6 | 4.87 | 0.311 | 3.346 |
| Ethyene bromide (47) | C2H4Br2 | 2.18 | 995 | 3264.4 | 0.79 | 8.5 | |
| Ethylene chloride (47) | C2H4Cl2 | 1.253 | 1,193 | 3,914 | 0.61 | 6.563 | |
| Ethylene glycol | C2H6O2 | 1.113 | 1,658 | 5439.6 | 2.1 | 17,208 (20°C) | 185.158 (68°F) |
| d-Fenochone | C10H16O | 0.947 | 1,320 | 4330.7 | 0.22 | 2.367 | |
| d-2-Fenechanone | C10H16O | 0.947 | 1,320 | 4330.7 | 0.22 | 2.367 | |
| Fluorine | F | 0.545 (-143°C) | 403 (-143°C) | 1322.2 (-225°F) | 11.31 | ||
| Fluoro-benzene (46) | C6H5F | 1.024 (20°C) | 1,189 | 3900.9 | 0.584 (20°C) | 6.283 (68°F) | |
| Formaldehyde, methyl ester | C2H4O2 | 0.974 | 1,127 | 3697.5 | 4.02 | ||
| Formamide | CH3NO | 1.134 (20°C) | 1,622 | 5321.5 | 2.2 | 2.91 | 31.311 |
| Formic acid, amide | CH3NO | 1.134 (20°C) | 1,622 | 5321.5 | 2.91 | 31.311 | |
| Freon R12 | 774.2 | 2540 | |||||
| Furfural | C5H4O2 | 1.157 | 1,444 | 4737.5 | 3.7 | ||
| Furfural alcohol | C5H6O2 | 1.135 | 1,450 | 4575.2 | 3.4 | ||
| Fural | C5H4O2 | 1.157 | 1,444 | 4737.5 | 3.7 | ||
| 2-Furalehyde | C5H4O2 | 1.157 | 1,444 | 4737.5 | 3.7 | ||
| 2-Furancarboxaldehyde | C5H4O2 | 1.157 | 1,444 | 4737.5 | 3.7 | ||
| 2-Furyl-Methanol | C5H6O2 | 1.135 | 1,450 | 4757.2 | 3.4 | ||
| Gallium | Ga | 6.095 | 2,870 | 9416 | |||
| Glycerin | C3H8O3 | 1.26 | 1,904 | 6246.7 | 2.2 | 757.1 | 8,081.836 |
| Glycerol | C3H8O3 | 1.26 | 1,904 | 6246.7 | 2.2 | 757.1 | 8,081.836 |
| Glycol | C2H6O2 | 1.113 | 1658 | 5439.6 | 2.1 | ||
| 50% Glycol / 50% H2O | 1,578 | 5,177 | |||||
| Helium (45) | He4 | 0.125 (-269°C) | 183 (-269°C) | 600.4 (-452°F) | 0.025 | .269 | |
| Heptane (22,23) | C7H16 | 0.684 (20°C) | 1,131 | 3,710.6 | 4.25 | 0.598 (20°C) | 6.434 (68°F) |
| n-Heptane (29, 33) | C7H16 | 0.684 (20°C) | 1,180 | 3,871.3 | 4.0 | ||
| Hexachloro-Cyclapentadiene (47) | C5Cl6 | 1.7180 | 1,150 | 3,773 | |||
| Hexadecane (23) | C16H34 | 0.773 (20°C) | 1,338 | 4,389.8 | 3.71 | 4.32 (20°C) | 46.483 (68°F) |
| Hexalin | C6H12O | 0.962 | 1,454 | 4770.3 | 3.6 | 70.69 (17°C) | 760.882 (63°F) |
| Hexane (16, 22, 23) | C6H14 | 0.659 | 1,112 | 3,648.3 | 2.71 | 0.446 | 4.798 |
| n-Hexane (29, 33) | C6H14 | 0.649 (20°C) | 1,079 | 3,540 | 4.53 | ||
| 2,5-Hexanedione | C6H10O2 | 0.729 | 1,399 | 4589.9 | 3.6 | ||
| n-Hexanol | C6H14O | 0.819 | 1,300 | 4,265.1 | 3.8 | ||
| Hexahydrobenzene | C6H12 | 0.779 | 1,248 | 4094.5 | 5.41 | 1.31 (17°C) | 14.095 (63°F) |
| Hexahydrophenol | C6H12O | 0.962 | 1,454 | 4770.3 | 3.6 | ||
| Hexamethylene (15) | C6H12 | 0.779 | 1,248 | 4094.5 | 5.41 | 1.31 (17°C) | 14.095 (63°F) |
| Hydrogen (45) | H2 | 0.071 (-256°C) | 1,187 (-256°C) | 3894.4 (-429°F) | 0.003 (-256°C) | 0.032 (-429°F) | |
| 2-Hydroxy-toluene (46) | C7H8O | 1.047 (20°C) | 1,541 (20°C) | 5,055.8 (68°F) | 4.29 (40°C) | 46.16 (104°F) | |
| 3-Hydroxy-toluene (46) | C7H8O | 1.034 (20°C) | 1,500 (20°C) | 4,921.3 (68°F) | 5.979 (40°C) | 64.334 (104°F) | |
| Iado-benzene (46) | C6H5I | 1.823 | 1,114 (20°C) | 3,654.9 (68°F) | 0.954 | ||
| Iado-ethane (46) | C2H5I | 1.950 (20°C) | 876 (20°C) | 2,874 (68°F) | 0.29 | 3.12 | |
| Iado-methane | CH3I | 2.28 (20°C) | 978 | 3,208.7 | 0.211 | 2.27 | |
| Isobutyl acetate (22) | C6H12O | 1,180 (27°C) | 3,871.4 (81°F) | 4.85 | |||
| Isobutanol | C4H10O | 0.81 (20°C) | 1,212 | 3,976.4 | |||
| Iso-butane | 1219.8 | 4002 | |||||
| Isopentane (36) | C5H12 | 0.62 (20°C) | 980 | 3,215.2 | 48 | 0.34 | 3.658 |
| Isopropanol (46) | C3H8O | 0.785 (20°C) | 1,170 (20°C) | 3,838.6 (68°F) | 2.718 | 29.245 | |
| Isopropyl alcohol (46) | C3H8O | 0.785 (20°C) | 1,170 (20°C) | 3,838.6 (68°F) | 2.718 | 29.245 | |
| Kerosene | 0.81 | 1,324 | 4,343.8 | 3.6 | |||
| Ketohexamethylene | C6H10O | 0.948 | 1,423 | 4,668.6 | 4.0 | ||
| Lithium fluoride (42) | LiF | 2,485 (900°C) | 8,152.9 (1652°F) | 1.29 | |||
| Mercury (45) | Hg | 13.594 | 1,449 (24°C) | 4,753.9 (75°F) | 0.114 | 1.226 | |
| Mesityloxide | C6H16O | 0.85 | 1,310 | 4,297.9 | |||
| Methane (25, 28, 38, 39) | CH4 | 0.162 (-89°C) | 405 (-89°C) | 1,328.7 (-128°F) | 17.5 | ||
| Methanol (40, 41) | CH4O | 0.791 (20°C) | 1,076 | 3530.2 | 292 | 0.695 | 7.478 |
| Methyl acetate | C3H6O2 | 0.934 | 1,211 | 3973.1 | 0.407 | 4.379 | |
| o-Methylaniline | C7H9N | 0.999 (20°C) | 1,618 | 5,308.4 | 4.394 (20°C) | 47.279 (68°F) | |
| 4-Methylaniline | C7H9N | 0.966 (45°C) | 1,480 | 4855.6 | 1.863 (50°C) | 20.095 (122°F) | |
| Methyl alcohol (40,44) | CH4O | 0.791 | 1,076 | 3530.2 | 292 | 0.695 | 7.478 |
| Methyl benzene | C7H8 | 0.867 | 1,328 (20°C) | 4,357 (68°F) | 4.27 | 0.644 | 7.144 |
| 2-Methyl-butane (36) | C5H12 | 0.62 (20°C) | 980 | 3215.2 | 0.34 | 3.658 | |
| Methyl carbinol | C2H6O | 0.789 | 1,207 | 3960 | 4.0 | 1.396 | |
| Methyl-chloroform (47) | C2H3Cl3 | 1.33 | 985 | 3,231.6 | 0.902 (20°C) | 9.705 (68°F) | |
| Methyl-cyanide | C2H3N | 0.783 | 1,290 | 4,232.3 | 0.441 | 4.745 | |
| 3-Methyl cyclohexanol | C7H14O | 0.92 | 1400 | 4,593.2 | |||
| Methylene chloride (3) | CH2Cl2 | 1.327 | 1,070 | 3510.5 | 3.94 | 0.31 | 3.335 |
| Methylene iodide | CH2I2 | 3.235 | 980 | 3,215.2 | |||
| Methyl formate (22) | C2H4O2 | 0.974 | 1.127 | 3,697.5 | 4.02 | ||
| Methyl iodide | CH3I | 2.28 (20°C) | 978 | 3,208.7 | 0.211 | 2.27 | |
| a-Methyl napthalene | C11H10 | 1.090 | 1,510 | 4,954.1 | 3.7 | ||
| 2-Methylphenol | C7H8O | 1.047 | 1,541 | 5,055.8 | 4.29 | 46.16 | |
| 3-Methylphenol | C7H8O | 1.034 (20°C) | 1500 (20°C) | 4,921.3 (20°C) | 5979 (40°C) | 64.334 (104°F) | |
| Milk, homogenized | 1,548 | 5,080 | |||||
| Morpholine | C4H9NO | 1.00 | 1,442 | 4,731 | 3.8 | ||
| Naptha | 0.76 | 1,225 | 4,019 | ||||
| Natural Gas (37) | 0.316 (-103°C) | 753 (-103°C) | 2,470.5 (-153°F) | ||||
| Neon (450 | Ne | 1.207 (-246°C) | 595 (-246°C) | 1,952.1 (-411°F) | |||
| Nitrobenzene (46) | C6H5NO2 | 1.204 (20°C) | 1,415 (20°C) | 4,624.4 (68°F) | 1.514 | 16.29 | |
| Nitrogen (45) | N2 | 0.808 (-199°C) | 962 (-199°C) | 3,156.2 (-326°F) | 0.217 (-199°C) | 2.334 (-326°F) | |
| Nitromethane (43) | CH3NO2 | 1.135 | 1,300 | 4,265.1 | 4.0 | 0.549 | 5.907 |
| Nonane (23) | C9H2O | 0.718 (20°C) | 1,207 | 3,960 | 4.04 | 0.99 (20°C) | 10.652 (68°F) |
| 1-Nonene (27) | C9H18 | 0.736 (20°C) | 1,207 | 3,960 | 4.0 | ||
| Octane (23) | C8H18 | 0.703 | 1,172 | 3,845.1 | 4.14 | 0.73 | 7.857 |
| n-Octane (29) | C8H18 | 0.704 (20°C) | 1,212.5 | 3,978 | 3.50 | 0.737 | .930 |
| 1-Octene (27) | C8H16 | 0.723 (20°C) | 1,175.5 | 3,856.6 | 4.10 | ||
| Oil of Camphor Sassafrassy | 1390 | 4560.4 | 3.8 | ||||
| Oil, Car (SAE 20a.30) | 1.74 | 870 | 2,854.3 | 190 | 2,045.093 | ||
| Oil, Castor | C11H10O10 | 0.969 | 1,477 | 4,845.8 | 3.6 | 0.670 | 7.209 |
| Oil, Diesel | 0.80 | 1,250 | 4,101 | ||||
| Oil, Fuel AA gravity | 0.99 | 1,485 | 4,872 | 3.7 | |||
| Oil (Lubricating X200) | 1530 | 5019.9 | |||||
| Oil (Olive) | 0.912 | 1431 | 4694.9 | 2.75 | 100 | 1076.365 | |
| Oil (Peanut) | 0.936 | 1,458 | 4,738.5 | ||||
| Oil (Sperm) | 0.88 | 1,440 | 4,724.4 | ||||
| Oil, 6 | 1,509 | 4,951 | |||||
| 2,2-Oxydiethanol | C4H10O3 | 1.116 | 1,586 | 5,203.4 | 2.4 | ||
| Oxygen (45) | O2 | 1.155(-186°C) | 952 (-186°C) | 3,123.4 (-303°F) | 0.173 | 1.861 | |
| Pentachlorine-ethane (47) | C2HCl5 | 1.687 | 1,082 | 3,549.9 | |||
| Pentalin (47) | C2HCl5 | 1.687 | 1,082 | 3,549.9 | |||
| Pentane (36) | C5H12 | 0.626 (20°C) | 1,020 | 3,346.5 | 0.363 | 3.905 | |
| n-Pentane (47) | C5H12 | 0.557 | 1,006 | 3,300.5 | 0.41 | 4.413 | |
| Perchlorocyclopentadiene (47) | C5Cl6 | 1.718 | 1,150 | 3,773 | |||
| Perchloro-ethylene (47) | C2Cl4 | 1.632 | 1,036 | 3,399 | |||
| Perfluoro-1-Hepten (47) | C7F14 | 1.67 | 583 | 1912.7 | |||
| Perfluoro-n-Hexane (47) | C6F14 | 1.672 | 508 | 1,666.7 | |||
| Phene (29, 40, 41) | C6H6 | 0.879 | 1306 | 4284.8 | 4.65 | 0.711 | 7.65 |
| b-Phenyl acrolein | C9H8O | 1.112 | 1554 | 5098.4 | 3.2 | ||
| Phenylamine (41) | C6H5NO2 | 1.022 | 1639 | 5377.3 | 4.0 | 3.63 | 39.058 |
| Phenyl bromide (46) | C6H5Br | 1.522 | 1170 (20°C) | 3838.6 (68°F) | 0.693 | 7.456 | |
| Phenyl chloride | C6H5Cl | 1.106 | 1273 | 4176.5 | 3.6 | 0.722 | 7.768 |
| Phenyl iodide (46) | C6H5I | 1.823 | 1114 (20°C) | 3654.9 (68°F) | 0.954 (15°C) | 10.265 (59°F) | |
| Phenyl methane (16, 52) | C7H8 | 0.867 (20°C) | 1328 (20°C) | 4357 (68°F) | 4.27 | 0.644 | 6.929 |
| 3-Phenyl prapenal | C9H8O | 1.112 | 1554 | 5098.4 | 3.2 | ||
| Phthalardione | C8H4O3 | 1125 (152°C) | 3691 (306°F) | ||||
| Phthalic acid, anhydride | C8H4O3 | 1125 (152°C) | 3691 (306°F) | ||||
| Pthalic anhydride | C8H4O3 | 1125 (152°C) | 3691 (306°F) | ||||
| Pimelic ketone | C6H10O | 0.948 | 1423 | 4668.6 | 4.0 | ||
| Plexigas, Lucite, Acrylic | 2651 | 8698 | |||||
| Polyterpene Resin | 0.77 | 1099.8 | 3608.4 | 39,000 | 419,500 | ||
| Potassium bromide (42) | KBr | 1169 (900°C) | 3835.3 (1652°F) | 0.71 | .715cp (900°C) | 7.693 (1652°F) | |
| Potassium fluoride (42) | KF | 1792 (900°C) | 5879.3 (1652°F) | 1.03 | |||
| Potassium Iodide (42) | KI | 985 (900°) | 3231.6 (1652°F) | 0.64 | |||
| Potassium nitrate (48) | KNO3 | 1.859 (352°C) | 1740.1 (352°C) | 5709 (666°C) | 1.1 | 1.19 (327°C) | 12.804 (621°F) |
| Propane (2,13) (-45 to -130°C) | C3H8 | 0.585 (-45Ã???°C) | 1003 (-45°C) | 3290.6 (-49°F) | 5.7 | ||
| 1,2,3-Propanetriol | C3H8O3 | 1.26 | 1904 | 6246.7 | 2.2 | .000757 | |
| 1-Propanol (46) | C3H8O | 0.78 (20°C) | 1222 (20°C) | 4009.2 (68°F) | |||
| 2-Propanol (46) | C3H8O | 0.785 (20°C) | 1170 (20°C) | 3838.6 (68°F) | 2.718 | 29.245 | |
| 2-Propanone | C3H6O | 0.791 | 1174 | 3851.7 | 4.5 | 0.399 | 4.293 |
| Propene (17, 18, 35) | C3H6 | 0.563 (-13°C) | 963 (-13°C) | 3159.4 (9°F) | 6.32 | ||
| n-Propyl acetate (22) | C5H10O2 | 1280 (2°C) | 4199 (36°F) | 4.63 | |||
| n-Propyl-alcohol | C3H8O | 0.78 (20°C) | 1,222 (20°C) | 4009.2 (68°F) | 2.549 | 27.427 | |
| Propylchloride (47) | C3H7Cl | 0.892 | 1058 | 3471.1 | 0.378 | 4.067 | |
| Propylene (17, 18, 35) | C3H6 | 0.563 (-13°C) | 963 (-13°C) | (3159.4) (9°F) | 6.32 | ||
| Pyridine | C6H5N | 0.982 | 1415 | 4642.4 | 4.1 | 0.992 (20°C) | 10.673 (68°F) |
| Refrigerant 11 (3,4) | CCl3F | 1.49 | 828.3 (0°C) | 2717.5 (32°F) | 3.56 | ||
| Refrigerant 12 (3) | CCl2F2 | 1.516 (-40°C) | 774.1 (-40°C) | 2539.7 (-40°C) | 4.24 | ||
| Refrigerant 14 (14) | CF4 | 1.75 (-150°C) | 875.24 (-150°C) | 2871.6 (-268Ã???°F) | 6.61 | ||
| Refigerant 21 (3) | CHCl2F | 1.426 (0°C) | 891 (0°C) | 2923.2 (32°F) | 3.97 | ||
| Refrigerant 22 (3) | CHClF2 | 1.491 (-69°C) | 893.9 (50°C) | 2932.7 (122°F) | 4.79 | ||
| Refrigerant 113 (3) | CCl2F-CClF2 | 1.563 | 783.7 (0°C) | 2571.2 (32°F) | 3.44 | ||
| Refrigerant 114 (3) | CClF2-CClF2 | 1.455 | 665.3 (-10°C) | 2182.7 (14°F) | 3.73 | ||
| Refrigerant 115 (3) | C2ClF5 | 656.4 (-50°C) | 2153.5 (-58°F) | 4.42 | |||
| Refigerant C318 (3) | C4F8 | 1.62 (-20°C) | 574 (-10°C) | 1,883.2 (14°F) | 3.88 | ||
| Selenium (8) | Se | 1072 (250°C) | 3517.1 (482°F) | 0.68 | |||
| Silicone (30 cp) | 0.993 | 990 | 3248 | 30 | 322.8 | ||
| Sodium fluoride (42) | NoF | 0.877 | 2082 (1000°C) | 6830.7 (1832°F) | 1.32 | ||
| Sodium nitrate (48) | NoNO3 | 1.884 (336°C) | 1763.3 (336°C) | 5785.1 (637°F) | 0.74 | 1.37 (336°C) | 14.74 (637°F) |
| Sodium nitrite (48) | NoNO2 | 1.805 (292°C) | 1876.8 (292°C) | 6157.5 (558°F) | |||
| Solvesso # 3 | 0.877 | 1370 | 4464.8 | 3.7 | |||
| Spirit of wine | C2H6O | 0.789 | 1207 | 3960 | 4.0 | 1.396 | 15.02 |
| Sulfur (7, 8, 10) | S | 1177 (250°C) | 3861.5 (482°F) | -1.13 | |||
| Sulfuric Acid (1) | H2SO4 | 1.841 | 1257.6 | 4126 | 1.43 | 11.16 | 120.081 |
| Tellerium (7) | Te | 991 (450°C) | 3251.3 (842°F) | 0.73 | |||
| 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromo-ethane (47) | C2H2Br4 | 2966 | 1027 | 3369.4 | |||
| 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-ethane (67) | C2H2Cl4 | 1595 | 1147 | 3763.1 | 1156 (15°C) | 12,438 (59°F) | |
| Tetrachloroethane | C2H2Cl4 | 1553 (20°C) | 1170 (20°C) | 3838.6 (68°F) |
|
1.19 | 12.804 |
| Tetrachloro-ethene (47) | C2Cl4 | 1.632 | 1036 | 3399 | |||
| Tetrachloro-Methane (33, 47) | CCl4 | 1.595 (20°C) | 926 | 3038.1 | 0.607 | 6.531 | |
| Tetradecane (46) | C14H3O | 0.763 (20°C) | 1331 (20°C) | 4366.8 (68°F) | 2.86 (20°C) | 30.773 (68°F) | |
| Tetraethylene glycol | C8H18O5 | 1.123 | 1586 | 5203.4 | 3.0 | ||
| Tetrafluoro-methane (14) (Freon 14) | CF4 | 1.75 (-150°C) | 875.24 (-150°C) | 2871.5 (-283°F) | 6.61 | ||
| Tetrahydro-1,4-isoxazine | C4H9NO | 1.000 | 1442 | 4731 | 3.8 | ||
| Toluene (16, 52) | C7H8 | 0.867 (20°C) | 1328 (20°C) | 4357 (68°F) | 4.27 | 0.644 | 6.929 |
| a-Toluidine (46) | C7H9N | 0.999 (20°C0 | 1618 | 5308.4 | 4.394 (20°C) | 47.279 (68°F) | |
| p-Toluidine (46) | C7H9N | 0.966 (45°C) | 1480 | 4855.6 | 1.863 (50°C) | 20.053 (122°F) | |
| Toluol | C7H8 | 0.866 | 1308 | 4291.3 | 4.2 | 0.58 | 6.24 |
| Tribromo-methane (46,47) | CHbr3 | 2.89 (20°C) | 918 | 3011.8 | 0.654 | 7.037 | |
| 1,1,1-Trochloro-ethane (47) | C2H3Cl3 | 1.33 | 985 | 3231.6 | 0.902 (20°C) | 9.705 (68°F) | |
| Trichloro-ethene (47) | C2HCl3 | 1.464 | 1028 | 3372.7 | |||
| Trichloro-fluoromethane (3) (Freon 11) | CCl3F | 1.49 | 828.3 (0°C) | 2717.5 (32°F) | 3.56 | ||
| Trichloro-methane (47) | CHCl3 | 1.489 | 979 | 3211.9 | 3.4 | 0.55 | 5.918 |
| 1,1,2-Trichloro- 1,2,2-Tricfluoro-Etham | CCl2F-CClF2 | 1.563 | 783.7 (0°C) | 2571.2 (32°F) | |||
| Triethyl-amine (33) | C6H15N | 0.726 | 1123 | 3684.4 | 4.47 | ||
| Triethylene glycol | C6H14O4 | 1.123 | 1608 | 5275.6 | 3.8 | ||
| 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-Chloro-2-Bromo-Ethane | C2HClBrF3 | 1.869 | 693 | 2273.6 | |||
| 1,2,2-Trifluorotrichloro-ethane (Freon 13) | CCl2F-CClF2 | 1.563 | 783.7 (0°C) | 2571.2 (32°F) | 3.44 | ||
| d-1,2,2-Trimethylnorcamphor | C10H16O | 0.947 | 1320 | 4330.7 | 0.22 | 2.367 | |
| Trinitroluene | C7H5(NO2)3 | 1.64 | 1610 (81°C) | 5282.2 (178°F) | |||
| Turpentine | 0.88 | 1255 | 4117.5 | 1.4 | 15.064 | ||
| Unisis 800 | 0.87 | 1346 | 4416 | ||||
| Water, distilled (49, 50) | H2O | 0.996 | 1498 | 4914.7 | -2.4 | 1.00 | 10.76 |
| Water, heavy | D2O | 1400 | 4593 | ||||
| Water, sea | 1.025 | 1531 | 5023 | -2.4 | 1.00 | 10.76 | |
| Wood Alcohol (40, 41) | CH4O | 0.791 | 1076 | 3530.2 | 2.92 | 0.695 | 7.478 |
| Xenon (45) | Xe | 630 (-109°C) | 2067 (-164°F) | ||||
| m-Xylene (46) | C8H10 | 0.868 (15°C) | 1343 (20°C) | 4406.2 (68°F) | 0.749 (15°C) | 8.059 (59°F) | |
| o-Xylene (29, 46) | C8H10 | 0.897 | 1,331.5 | 4,368.4 | 4.1 | 0.903 (20°C) | 9.716 (68°C) |
| p-Xylene (46) | C8H10 | 1334 (20°C) | 4376.6 (68°F) | 0.662 | 7.123 | ||
| Xylene hexafluoride | C8H4F6 | 1.37 | 879 | 2883.9 | 0.613 | 6.595 | |
| Zinc (7) | Zn | 3298 (450°C) | 10,820.2 (842°F) | ||||
Table Three: Sound Speeds in Water at Selected Temperatures
| Temperature | Sound Speed in Water | ||
| °C | °F | m/s | ft/s |
| 0 | 32.0 | 1402 | 4600 |
| 1 | 33.8 | 1407 | 4616 |
| 2 | 35.6 | 1412 | 4633 |
| 3 | 37.4 | 1417 | 4649 |
| 4 | 39.2 | 1421 | 4662 |
| 5 | 41.0 | 1426 | 4679 |
| 6 | 42.8 | 1430 | 4692 |
| 7 | 44.6 | 1434 | 4705 |
| 8 | 46.4 | 1439 | |